Friday, May 20, 2011
想長壽嗎？不用住石化廠附近 + 其实，新加坡。。。。没有什么值得骄傲。。。。狗都养不到一只。。。。
想長壽嗎？不用住石化廠附近
2011/01/01 06:15:20 瀏覽839｜回應0｜推薦7
既然是新年新氣象，今天決定不口出「惡言」。相反的，要介紹這兩天看美國公共電視臺NOVA製作的紀錄片才學到的，而且是有科學根據的長壽快樂的秘訣。
不過一旦講到長壽，就不能不提「國光石化」。因為2010年11月12日，馬政府環保署長沈世宏在出席立法院時，提出了「生命品質指標」的概念；他強調，六輕存在的十年來，雲林人的壽命都變長了，而且每人的生命增加兩百多天。
為了替「八輕國光石化」在彰化的開發案背書，沈署長試著以數據來強調並證明自己的意見。可惜的是，署長調閱數據時，應該是忘了把後半段一起看完，所以他報告的數字多少有點斷章取義的味道。（這不算是罵人，所以沒有違規。）
總之，後半段的數字是什麼？根據內政部統計處的資料：民國八十九年到九十八年間，臺灣國民的平均壽命從七十六歲延長至近七十九歲。
所以，當全台灣人口平均壽命在過去十年間增加三年時，相較於其他地區，雲林縣居民在六輕建廠後的十年，並沒有如沈署長所言「變得更長壽」。這裡順便幫署長作一下算術，一年365天乘以三是1095天，應該是兩百多天的至少三至四倍以上。換言之，雲林人在過去的十年來真的是短命了！至於壽命縮短的原因，是否來自國光石化的問題，這不是今天本文的重點。加上本人也缺環保議題的專業，所以無法深入探討。
但有一點可以確定的是，個人從事和生物相關領域研究的二十年來，這是第一次聽到「住到石化工業區附近會讓人長壽」的說法。除此之外，上網搜索一下就會發現，台灣的研究單位，針對石化產業是否造成較高的癌症罹患率作了諸多的研究，而且，這些刊登在國際科學期刊上的學術報告，似乎都與沈署長的數據唱反調。
「讓數字說話」的態度確實不是壞事。然而，一位諾貝爾經濟學獎（1991年）得主Ronald Coase就曾經說過：「假如你把數據折磨得夠久的話，它終究是會認罪的（ If you torture the data long enough, it will confess）。」白話一點便是，只要你心懷成見的玩弄數據，最後，數據一定可以吐給你你想聽到的結果。
以上勒勒長的是閒話，下面才是今天的主題。
要長壽快樂的秘訣很簡單，就是養隻狗兒作自己的親密盟友。這可不是愛狗族的偏見，更不是「心理作用」的投射，而是來自科學研究證據的結論。
近年來，許多有關催產素（Oxytocin）的科學研究發現，人類和動物之間的接觸，尤其是和自己寵物的感情，其實也跟這個小小的、強而有力的賀爾蒙有關。說它小是因為這個激素蛋白質的結構只有九個氨基酸，說它強而有力是因為如果沒有它，哺乳動物就無法生小寶寶了。
這個由大腦所製造分泌的催產素，最著名的功用是在於女性生殖方面。第一，分娩時，大量釋放Oxytocin會讓子宮頸和子宮擴張；第二，它也會刺激母乳的分泌。事實上，當一位母親哺乳嬰兒之後，血液中的Oxytocin量會大幅昇高，讓母親和小孩之間的聯繫更為密切；也可以說，催產素讓媽媽更想擁抱她們的小孩。換言之，所謂母親對小孩的「無條件的愛」，其實很大的一部份也是靠化學作用的幫忙。也因此，Oxytocin的坊間俗名就叫作「愛和擁抱的藥」。正如同一些最新的研究發現，Oxytocin會幫助我們和社會群體的結合，讓我們更容易信任別人。這一點和壓力的激素（腎上腺素）正好相反，當我們緊張的時候，腎上腺素的昇高會引發我們體內的「戰鬥或逃跑」的機制。
除了生育和哺乳的功能之外，動物研究的結果證明，不論性別，Oxytocin會讓動物放鬆、變平靜。根據瑞典醫學博士Uvnas-Moberg的研究，如果在每分鐘內撫摸實驗室老鼠40次，持續5分鐘後會減少老鼠的緊張和壓力，會增加他們對痛苦的容忍度，有些老鼠甚至會睡著。如果直接用催產素注射，老鼠的反應跟上述的結果是一樣的。
同樣是Uvnas-Moberg博士的研究發現，當人類緩緩的撫摸他們的寵物狗時，只要持續一小段時間，在一到三分鐘之內，雙方的Oxytocin都會快速昇高。所以人和狗兒的血壓和心跳都會因Oxytocin的作用而降低，對於壓力的解除和抑制憂鬱症有絕佳的幫助。也就是說，養狗會減低你心臟病發作的機率，而且萬一不幸真的遇上了，心臟病發作後康復的機會在養狗人士中又是3到4倍之高。也難怪，我們會說狗是人類最好的朋友。
狗和許多其他的寵物都可以減少我們的焦慮、憂鬱、高血壓、中風、和心臟病發作的機率，這表示狗不僅對我們的心理健康有益，更為我們的生理健康把關。所以家裡有狗狗的朋友，把你的狗狗叫過來，Oxytocin的時間到了！
至於沒有養狗的朋友們呢？快點去流浪狗之家領養一隻貼心的好朋友吧。不過別忘了，一定要和你的狗有很好的關係、有經常的互動和感情，否則最後落到跟「馬小九」一樣，對主人和寵物雙方可就沒什麼益處了。（這樣說算是罵人嗎？）
http://blog.udn.com/TOTTORO/4752740
（注：马英九。。。做出了明智的决定。。。。不接受「國光石化」。。。。把这个“毒厂，毒仓”丢掉。。。。不过马来西亚老马的儿子---国际贸工部长墓克力就大表欢迎。。。。。好像“执到宝”。。。上面生气的作者因「國光石化」事件，也骂了一声总统是“小九”（小狗）。。。人家不要的，马来西亚就去捡。。真的是够大力。。。。真的是“墓咳力---PUKIli”。。。。。）
（另外，作者提到狗狗的好处。。。。我想不是养那些凶恶的狗吧。。。。。另外一个问题是: 退休后养狗？？？新加坡人就很难。。。组屋不可以养狗。。。。。寂寞的新加坡人就惨了。。。。。没有了狗。。。只有找鸡。。。。。（中国鸡）。。不过不能养在家里。。。。怕心脏不能负荷。。。。新加坡人其实也是怪可怜的。。。。。没有土地的芬芳。。。。嗅不到土地的气息。。。。所以新加坡政府没有什么值得。。。骄傲。。。。。。除了新加坡的洗脑舆论。。。。不停洗脑的电视台。。。无法思考。。。。的人民。。。。。晚上一到。。。围住TV。。。。看TV。。。。在不停的娱乐节目麻木下又过了一天。。。。很累的人生。。。。。。THE CELL NATION 监牢式的国家。。。。。疲惫的人生。。。。。朱元璋化身的李光耀在不停的看着。。。。。很累。。。。。很疲惫。。。。。。小小的天空。。。。。。不停的在井内说：我们是第一。。。。。大家跟着喊：亚洲第一。。。。。。。。。。回到小小的组屋。。。。躺着时。。。觉得人生实在太累了。。。。。。小小的生活空间。。。。。有什么值得骄傲？？？那只不过是SINGA PORE 狮子洞/狮子小孔。。。。小小的山洞。。。就不明白。。。再现代化的山洞。。。还是小洞。。。。其实，新加坡。。。。没有什么值得骄傲。。。。狗都养不到一只。。。。。）
（。。 喜欢她的论点。。。尤其是OXYTOCIN。。。。。也就是：
同樣是Uvnas-Moberg博士的研究發現，當人類緩緩的撫摸他們的寵物狗時，只要持續一小段時間，在一到三分鐘之內，雙方的Oxytocin都會快速昇高。所以人和狗兒的血壓和心跳都會因Oxytocin的作用而降低，對於壓力的解除和抑制憂鬱症有絕佳的幫助。也就是說，養狗會減低你心臟病發作的機率，而且萬一不幸真的遇上了，心臟病發作後康復的機會在養狗人士中又是3到4倍之高。也難怪，我們會說狗是人類最好的朋友。）
2011/01/01 06:15:20 瀏覽839｜回應0｜推薦7
既然是新年新氣象，今天決定不口出「惡言」。相反的，要介紹這兩天看美國公共電視臺NOVA製作的紀錄片才學到的，而且是有科學根據的長壽快樂的秘訣。
不過一旦講到長壽，就不能不提「國光石化」。因為2010年11月12日，馬政府環保署長沈世宏在出席立法院時，提出了「生命品質指標」的概念；他強調，六輕存在的十年來，雲林人的壽命都變長了，而且每人的生命增加兩百多天。
為了替「八輕國光石化」在彰化的開發案背書，沈署長試著以數據來強調並證明自己的意見。可惜的是，署長調閱數據時，應該是忘了把後半段一起看完，所以他報告的數字多少有點斷章取義的味道。（這不算是罵人，所以沒有違規。）
總之，後半段的數字是什麼？根據內政部統計處的資料：民國八十九年到九十八年間，臺灣國民的平均壽命從七十六歲延長至近七十九歲。
所以，當全台灣人口平均壽命在過去十年間增加三年時，相較於其他地區，雲林縣居民在六輕建廠後的十年，並沒有如沈署長所言「變得更長壽」。這裡順便幫署長作一下算術，一年365天乘以三是1095天，應該是兩百多天的至少三至四倍以上。換言之，雲林人在過去的十年來真的是短命了！至於壽命縮短的原因，是否來自國光石化的問題，這不是今天本文的重點。加上本人也缺環保議題的專業，所以無法深入探討。
但有一點可以確定的是，個人從事和生物相關領域研究的二十年來，這是第一次聽到「住到石化工業區附近會讓人長壽」的說法。除此之外，上網搜索一下就會發現，台灣的研究單位，針對石化產業是否造成較高的癌症罹患率作了諸多的研究，而且，這些刊登在國際科學期刊上的學術報告，似乎都與沈署長的數據唱反調。
「讓數字說話」的態度確實不是壞事。然而，一位諾貝爾經濟學獎（1991年）得主Ronald Coase就曾經說過：「假如你把數據折磨得夠久的話，它終究是會認罪的（ If you torture the data long enough, it will confess）。」白話一點便是，只要你心懷成見的玩弄數據，最後，數據一定可以吐給你你想聽到的結果。
以上勒勒長的是閒話，下面才是今天的主題。
要長壽快樂的秘訣很簡單，就是養隻狗兒作自己的親密盟友。這可不是愛狗族的偏見，更不是「心理作用」的投射，而是來自科學研究證據的結論。
近年來，許多有關催產素（Oxytocin）的科學研究發現，人類和動物之間的接觸，尤其是和自己寵物的感情，其實也跟這個小小的、強而有力的賀爾蒙有關。說它小是因為這個激素蛋白質的結構只有九個氨基酸，說它強而有力是因為如果沒有它，哺乳動物就無法生小寶寶了。
這個由大腦所製造分泌的催產素，最著名的功用是在於女性生殖方面。第一，分娩時，大量釋放Oxytocin會讓子宮頸和子宮擴張；第二，它也會刺激母乳的分泌。事實上，當一位母親哺乳嬰兒之後，血液中的Oxytocin量會大幅昇高，讓母親和小孩之間的聯繫更為密切；也可以說，催產素讓媽媽更想擁抱她們的小孩。換言之，所謂母親對小孩的「無條件的愛」，其實很大的一部份也是靠化學作用的幫忙。也因此，Oxytocin的坊間俗名就叫作「愛和擁抱的藥」。正如同一些最新的研究發現，Oxytocin會幫助我們和社會群體的結合，讓我們更容易信任別人。這一點和壓力的激素（腎上腺素）正好相反，當我們緊張的時候，腎上腺素的昇高會引發我們體內的「戰鬥或逃跑」的機制。
除了生育和哺乳的功能之外，動物研究的結果證明，不論性別，Oxytocin會讓動物放鬆、變平靜。根據瑞典醫學博士Uvnas-Moberg的研究，如果在每分鐘內撫摸實驗室老鼠40次，持續5分鐘後會減少老鼠的緊張和壓力，會增加他們對痛苦的容忍度，有些老鼠甚至會睡著。如果直接用催產素注射，老鼠的反應跟上述的結果是一樣的。
同樣是Uvnas-Moberg博士的研究發現，當人類緩緩的撫摸他們的寵物狗時，只要持續一小段時間，在一到三分鐘之內，雙方的Oxytocin都會快速昇高。所以人和狗兒的血壓和心跳都會因Oxytocin的作用而降低，對於壓力的解除和抑制憂鬱症有絕佳的幫助。也就是說，養狗會減低你心臟病發作的機率，而且萬一不幸真的遇上了，心臟病發作後康復的機會在養狗人士中又是3到4倍之高。也難怪，我們會說狗是人類最好的朋友。
狗和許多其他的寵物都可以減少我們的焦慮、憂鬱、高血壓、中風、和心臟病發作的機率，這表示狗不僅對我們的心理健康有益，更為我們的生理健康把關。所以家裡有狗狗的朋友，把你的狗狗叫過來，Oxytocin的時間到了！
至於沒有養狗的朋友們呢？快點去流浪狗之家領養一隻貼心的好朋友吧。不過別忘了，一定要和你的狗有很好的關係、有經常的互動和感情，否則最後落到跟「馬小九」一樣，對主人和寵物雙方可就沒什麼益處了。（這樣說算是罵人嗎？）
http://blog.udn.com/TOTTORO/4752740
（注：马英九。。。做出了明智的决定。。。。不接受「國光石化」。。。。把这个“毒厂，毒仓”丢掉。。。。不过马来西亚老马的儿子---国际贸工部长墓克力就大表欢迎。。。。。好像“执到宝”。。。上面生气的作者因「國光石化」事件，也骂了一声总统是“小九”（小狗）。。。人家不要的，马来西亚就去捡。。真的是够大力。。。。真的是“墓咳力---PUKIli”。。。。。）
（另外，作者提到狗狗的好处。。。。我想不是养那些凶恶的狗吧。。。。。另外一个问题是: 退休后养狗？？？新加坡人就很难。。。组屋不可以养狗。。。。。寂寞的新加坡人就惨了。。。。。没有了狗。。。只有找鸡。。。。。（中国鸡）。。不过不能养在家里。。。。怕心脏不能负荷。。。。新加坡人其实也是怪可怜的。。。。。没有土地的芬芳。。。。嗅不到土地的气息。。。。所以新加坡政府没有什么值得。。。骄傲。。。。。。除了新加坡的洗脑舆论。。。。不停洗脑的电视台。。。无法思考。。。。的人民。。。。。晚上一到。。。围住TV。。。。看TV。。。。在不停的娱乐节目麻木下又过了一天。。。。很累的人生。。。。。。THE CELL NATION 监牢式的国家。。。。。疲惫的人生。。。。。朱元璋化身的李光耀在不停的看着。。。。。很累。。。。。很疲惫。。。。。。小小的天空。。。。。。不停的在井内说：我们是第一。。。。。大家跟着喊：亚洲第一。。。。。。。。。。回到小小的组屋。。。。躺着时。。。觉得人生实在太累了。。。。。。小小的生活空间。。。。。有什么值得骄傲？？？那只不过是SINGA PORE 狮子洞/狮子小孔。。。。小小的山洞。。。就不明白。。。再现代化的山洞。。。还是小洞。。。。其实，新加坡。。。。没有什么值得骄傲。。。。狗都养不到一只。。。。。）
（。。 喜欢她的论点。。。尤其是OXYTOCIN。。。。。也就是：
同樣是Uvnas-Moberg博士的研究發現，當人類緩緩的撫摸他們的寵物狗時，只要持續一小段時間，在一到三分鐘之內，雙方的Oxytocin都會快速昇高。所以人和狗兒的血壓和心跳都會因Oxytocin的作用而降低，對於壓力的解除和抑制憂鬱症有絕佳的幫助。也就是說，養狗會減低你心臟病發作的機率，而且萬一不幸真的遇上了，心臟病發作後康復的機會在養狗人士中又是3到4倍之高。也難怪，我們會說狗是人類最好的朋友。）
Thursday, May 19, 2011
Nazri: Free speech for all, even Ibrahim Ali
Friday, May 20, 2011
Nazri: Free speech for all, even Ibrahim Ali
Nazri said it was hard to prosecute Ibrahim for sedition as his threats have not caused violence. — file pic
KUALA LUMPUR, May 20 — Standing by his decision not to haul up Datuk Ibrahim Ali for threatening a “crusade” on Christians, Datuk Seri Mohamed Nazri Aziz has pledged the same treatment for all similar transgressions in the future. “It is not just the opposition politicians but also those in the Barisan Nasional (BN). In fact, anybody at all... bloggers and so on,” he told The Malaysian Insider when contacted.
The de facto law minister said this was because the existence of the new media like blogs, Facebook and Twitter had forced the government to relax its control over an individual’s right to free speech.
“We cannot practise selective persecution. So if we were to act against Ibrahim, then we have to act against bloggers or newspapers or Twitter users. And yet, these people are also protected by the Bill of Guarantees (BoGs),” he said, referring to the government’s pledge not to censor the Internet under the 10-point BoGs of the Malaysian Multimedia Super Corridor.
Nazri stressed, however, that this did not mean he backed Ibrahim, whom he previously clashed with in the media, and called on all Malaysians to judge wisely statements made by any individual.
“The landscape has changed. Sensitive matters are now being discussed in the open.
“When something is mentioned all the time, it becomes less sensitive and this is a good thing because then things can be mentioned but people will not take offence to it,” he said.
Nazri pointed out that if Ibrahim had made a similar statement 40 years back, he would have likely triggered a riot among the country’s various races.
“But it has been days since he made the statement and yet, we do not see any riot on the streets. People are no longer as sensitive as they were before.
“Now, people just laugh at Ibrahim and call him a clown,” he said.
Ibrahim threatened Christians with a crusade. — file pic
He said it was likely because PAS members, all of whom are Muslims, as well as Umno members, rejected Ibrahim’s views. “So you cannot even say that Ibrahim’s words have caused the Malays to rise against the Christians.
“It is no longer a shock to Malaysians when these issues are raised because of the new media... we have been talking about it openly all the time.
“If you speak, for example, of Article 153, people are no longer as sensitive as before and is this not a good thing?” he said.
Nazri claimed that wielding the Sedition Act or any such legislation against an individual would be a difficult, saying it has to be proven in court that the person’s words or actions had led to violent circumstances.
“But in this case... how to prove? Did anything happen? None,” he pointed out.
Ibrahim threatened Christians nationwide during a rally in Gombak on Saturday with a crusade or holy war should they proceed with their purported agenda to usurp Islam.
The Perkasa president thundered to an audience of some 200 at Kampung Changkat here that he was willing to take the fall for his statement in order to defend the dignity of Islam.
Although he complained of fatigue from his nine rallies from Kelantan to Gombak since last Friday, the Pasir Mas MP also said his blood was boiling with rage and “hairs standing on end” following recent reports of a Christian conspiracy between religious leaders and opposition party politicians.
“In Kelantan earlier, I declared before the police, I told the security forces present that if they want to send my messages to Bukit Aman (police headquarters), please go ahead.
“Please record my words — if there is any party in Penang, especially the Christian priests who are being backed by the Penang DAP, should continue with their agenda which we already know, I would like to offer that if they want to hold a crusade, we can,” he charged.
Ibrahim was referring to the recent row over a controversial newspaper report in Utusan Malaysia entitled “Kristian Agam Rasmi?” (Christianity the official religion?) in which it was alleged that DAP leaders and Christian priests were conspiring to take over Putrajaya, abolish Islam as the religion of the federation and install a Christian prime minister.
The report was based entirely on unsubstantiated blog posts by two pro-Umno bloggers, one of whom is currently under investigation by police. The second blogger has since deleted the entire contents of his blog.
Christian leaders and DAP members have denied the reports and Prime Minister Datuk Seri Najib Razak was also forced to host a meeting with the religious chiefs to solve the issue but Ibrahim insisted on Saturday that the report was true.
Utusan Malaysia’s Christian conspiracy report is presently under police investigation.
Posted by barred at 5/20/2011 11:05:00 AM
1 comments:
johnsondoss said...
Free speech ... so the gate is open as long there is no violence ... this is news to my ears .. so why does the Hindraf supporters was nabbed and chucked in the prison ..they too never resort to violence .. just only shout just as Ibrahim Ali barks ...why the double standard?? ohh yes i forgot " Ketuanan Melayu"
May 20, 2011 12:00 PM
Nazri: Free speech for all, even Ibrahim Ali
Nazri said it was hard to prosecute Ibrahim for sedition as his threats have not caused violence. — file pic
KUALA LUMPUR, May 20 — Standing by his decision not to haul up Datuk Ibrahim Ali for threatening a “crusade” on Christians, Datuk Seri Mohamed Nazri Aziz has pledged the same treatment for all similar transgressions in the future. “It is not just the opposition politicians but also those in the Barisan Nasional (BN). In fact, anybody at all... bloggers and so on,” he told The Malaysian Insider when contacted.
The de facto law minister said this was because the existence of the new media like blogs, Facebook and Twitter had forced the government to relax its control over an individual’s right to free speech.
“We cannot practise selective persecution. So if we were to act against Ibrahim, then we have to act against bloggers or newspapers or Twitter users. And yet, these people are also protected by the Bill of Guarantees (BoGs),” he said, referring to the government’s pledge not to censor the Internet under the 10-point BoGs of the Malaysian Multimedia Super Corridor.
Nazri stressed, however, that this did not mean he backed Ibrahim, whom he previously clashed with in the media, and called on all Malaysians to judge wisely statements made by any individual.
“The landscape has changed. Sensitive matters are now being discussed in the open.
“When something is mentioned all the time, it becomes less sensitive and this is a good thing because then things can be mentioned but people will not take offence to it,” he said.
Nazri pointed out that if Ibrahim had made a similar statement 40 years back, he would have likely triggered a riot among the country’s various races.
“But it has been days since he made the statement and yet, we do not see any riot on the streets. People are no longer as sensitive as they were before.
“Now, people just laugh at Ibrahim and call him a clown,” he said.
Ibrahim threatened Christians with a crusade. — file pic
He said it was likely because PAS members, all of whom are Muslims, as well as Umno members, rejected Ibrahim’s views. “So you cannot even say that Ibrahim’s words have caused the Malays to rise against the Christians.
“It is no longer a shock to Malaysians when these issues are raised because of the new media... we have been talking about it openly all the time.
“If you speak, for example, of Article 153, people are no longer as sensitive as before and is this not a good thing?” he said.
Nazri claimed that wielding the Sedition Act or any such legislation against an individual would be a difficult, saying it has to be proven in court that the person’s words or actions had led to violent circumstances.
“But in this case... how to prove? Did anything happen? None,” he pointed out.
Ibrahim threatened Christians nationwide during a rally in Gombak on Saturday with a crusade or holy war should they proceed with their purported agenda to usurp Islam.
The Perkasa president thundered to an audience of some 200 at Kampung Changkat here that he was willing to take the fall for his statement in order to defend the dignity of Islam.
Although he complained of fatigue from his nine rallies from Kelantan to Gombak since last Friday, the Pasir Mas MP also said his blood was boiling with rage and “hairs standing on end” following recent reports of a Christian conspiracy between religious leaders and opposition party politicians.
“In Kelantan earlier, I declared before the police, I told the security forces present that if they want to send my messages to Bukit Aman (police headquarters), please go ahead.
“Please record my words — if there is any party in Penang, especially the Christian priests who are being backed by the Penang DAP, should continue with their agenda which we already know, I would like to offer that if they want to hold a crusade, we can,” he charged.
Ibrahim was referring to the recent row over a controversial newspaper report in Utusan Malaysia entitled “Kristian Agam Rasmi?” (Christianity the official religion?) in which it was alleged that DAP leaders and Christian priests were conspiring to take over Putrajaya, abolish Islam as the religion of the federation and install a Christian prime minister.
The report was based entirely on unsubstantiated blog posts by two pro-Umno bloggers, one of whom is currently under investigation by police. The second blogger has since deleted the entire contents of his blog.
Christian leaders and DAP members have denied the reports and Prime Minister Datuk Seri Najib Razak was also forced to host a meeting with the religious chiefs to solve the issue but Ibrahim insisted on Saturday that the report was true.
Utusan Malaysia’s Christian conspiracy report is presently under police investigation.
Posted by barred at 5/20/2011 11:05:00 AM
1 comments:
johnsondoss said...
Free speech ... so the gate is open as long there is no violence ... this is news to my ears .. so why does the Hindraf supporters was nabbed and chucked in the prison ..they too never resort to violence .. just only shout just as Ibrahim Ali barks ...why the double standard?? ohh yes i forgot " Ketuanan Melayu"
May 20, 2011 12:00 PM
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